Can I wash an outdoor movie screen?


Can I wash an outdoor movie screen?

Outdoor movie screens are a fantastic addition to any backyard movie night, but they can accumulate dirt, dust, and debris over time. To maintain their visual clarity and overall quality, it’s crucial to clean them regularly. In this article, we’ll explore the possibility of washing an outdoor movie screen and provide you with valuable tips on how to properly clean it to ensure a crisp, clear movie experience.

Key Takeaways:

  • Regular cleaning is essential to maintain the visual clarity and overall quality of outdoor movie screens.
  • Understanding the different materials used in outdoor movie screens is crucial for effective maintenance and cleaning.
  • Properly preparing the screen for cleaning, including removing debris and dirt, is an important step.
  • Choosing the right cleaning solution for your specific screen material is vital to prevent damage.
  • Following a step-by-step cleaning process and properly drying the screen are essential for optimal results.

Understanding outdoor movie screen materials

Before you embark on the cleaning process, it’s crucial to have a good understanding of the different materials used in outdoor movie screens and how they should be maintained. By knowing the specific characteristics and requirements of each material, you’ll be able to choose the appropriate cleaning methods and avoid potential damage.

Outdoor movie screens are typically made from various types of fabrics, vinyl, or inflatable materials. These materials offer different benefits and require specific maintenance practices to keep them in optimal condition. Let’s take a closer look at some common outdoor movie screen materials:

1. Fabric Screens

Fabric screens are usually made of durable and weather-resistant materials such as polyester or nylon. These screens offer excellent picture quality and are often used for professional outdoor movie screenings. To maintain fabric screens:

  • Regularly inspect the screen for stains, dirt, or debris.
  • Use a soft brush or cloth to gently remove loose dirt and debris.
  • Spot-clean any stains using a mild detergent and water solution.
  • Avoid using abrasive cleaners or harsh chemicals that can damage the fabric.
  • Allow the screen to air dry fully before retracting or storing it.

2. Vinyl Screens

Vinyl screens are known for their durability and resistance to weather conditions. They are commonly used in backyard setups or for temporary outdoor events. To maintain vinyl screens:

  • Clean the screen regularly using a soft cloth or sponge and mild soapy water.
  • Remove any stubborn stains with a non-abrasive cleaner.
  • Rinse the screen thoroughly with clean water to remove any residue.
  • Avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive tools that can scratch or damage the surface.
  • Ensure the screen is completely dry before rolling or storing it.

3. Inflatable Screens

Inflatable screens are made from durable PVC materials that can be easily inflated for outdoor movie nights. Proper maintenance is essential to extend the lifespan of inflatable screens:

  • Before cleaning, deflate the screen and remove any dirt or debris with a soft brush or cloth.
  • Prepare a solution of water and mild detergent, and gently scrub the screen using a soft brush or sponge.
  • Rinse the screen thoroughly with clean water to remove any soap residue.
  • Allow the screen to dry completely before inflating it and storing it.
  • Be cautious when handling the inflatable screen to prevent punctures or tears.

Understanding the materials used in outdoor movie screens will help you apply the appropriate cleaning methods and maintenance practices, ensuring that your screen remains in excellent condition for years to come.

Preparing for cleaning

Before you begin the process of cleaning your outdoor movie screen, it’s important to take the necessary steps to prepare it. This will ensure that you can effectively remove dirt, debris, and any other contaminants, while avoiding any potential damage to the screen.

Removing Debris and Dirt

The first step in preparing your outdoor movie screen for cleaning is to remove any visible debris and dirt. Use a soft-bristle brush or a vacuum cleaner with a brush attachment to gently remove loose dirt and debris from the surface of the screen. Be cautious not to apply excessive pressure that could cause damage.

Inspecting for Stains or Mold

Take a close look at your outdoor movie screen for any stains or signs of mold. If you notice any stains, identify the source and determine the appropriate cleaning solution to use. For mold, it’s important to address it separately with a specific mold cleaner or consult a professional for assistance.

Protecting Surrounding Areas

While cleaning your outdoor movie screen, it’s crucial to protect any surrounding areas, such as plants, furniture, or other sensitive objects. Cover nearby objects with a tarp or plastic sheet to prevent them from getting wet or damaged during the cleaning process.

Gathering Cleaning Supplies

Before you start cleaning, gather all the necessary cleaning supplies. This may include a mild cleaning solution, a soft cloth or sponge, a bucket of water, and any additional tools or equipment recommended by the screen manufacturer for cleaning.

Pro Tip: Always refer to the manufacturer’s instructions or guidelines for your specific outdoor movie screen model to ensure you’re using the correct cleaning methods and materials.

By following these preparation steps, you’ll be ready to clean your outdoor movie screen effectively and safely. Remember, proper preparation is essential for maintaining the integrity of the screen and ensuring a long-lasting outdoor movie experience.

Choosing the right cleaning solution

When it comes to cleaning your outdoor movie screen, choosing the right cleaning solution is crucial to ensure effective and safe results. Different screens may require specific products or techniques to avoid damage or discoloration. Let’s explore the best cleaning solutions and how to determine which one is most suitable for your outdoor movie screen.

Consider the Screen Material

Before selecting a cleaning solution, it’s important to identify the material of your outdoor movie screen. The material will dictate the type of solution that can be used without causing any harm. Here are a few common screen materials and the recommended cleaning solutions:

Screen Material Recommended Cleaning Solution
Vinyl or PVC Gentle soap and water solution
Inflatable fabric Mild detergent and water mixture
Aluminum or metal frame Non-abrasive metal cleaner or vinegar solution

Remember to always test the cleaning solution on a small, inconspicuous area of the screen before applying it to the entire surface to ensure compatibility and avoid any potential damage.

Tips for Choosing the Right Cleaning Solution

  • Check the manufacturer’s recommendations: Some outdoor movie screen manufacturers provide specific cleaning guidelines and may recommend certain cleaning solutions. Refer to the manufacturer’s instructions before choosing a cleaning solution.
  • Avoid harsh chemicals: Strong chemicals, including bleach or abrasive cleaners, can damage the surface of your outdoor movie screen. Opt for mild and non-abrasive cleaning solutions to protect the integrity of the material.
  • Consider environmentally friendly options: If you prefer eco-conscious alternatives, there are cleaning solutions available that are specifically formulated to be environmentally friendly.
  • Consult with professionals: If you’re unsure about the best cleaning solution for your outdoor movie screen, it’s always wise to consult with professionals who specialize in outdoor screen cleaning. They can offer expert advice and recommendations tailored to your specific screen.

By selecting the appropriate cleaning solution for your outdoor movie screen, you can effectively remove dirt, debris, and stains while preserving its longevity and visual quality.

Cleaning techniques for different types of screens

When it comes to cleaning outdoor movie screens, different types of screens may require specific cleaning techniques. Whether you have an inflatable screen or an aluminum frame, here are some helpful tips to ensure a thorough and effective cleaning:

Inflatable Screens

If you have an inflatable screen, follow these steps to clean it:

  1. Start by gently removing any loose dirt or debris from the screen surface using a soft-bristle brush or a microfiber cloth.
  2. Using a mixture of mild soap or detergent and lukewarm water, lightly scrub the surface of the screen using a soft cloth or sponge. Avoid using abrasive materials that could damage the screen.
  3. Rinse the screen thoroughly with clean water to remove any soap residue.
  4. To dry the screen, carefully inflate it and allow it to air dry completely before deflating and storing it.

Aluminum Frame Screens

If you have an outdoor movie screen with an aluminum frame, here’s how you can clean it:

  1. Remove the screen from the frame by following the manufacturer’s instructions.
  2. Gently wipe the frame with a damp cloth to remove any dust or dirt.
  3. For stubborn stains or grime, use a mild detergent mixed with water and scrub the affected areas using a soft brush or sponge. Rinse the frame thoroughly with clean water.
  4. Make sure the frame is completely dry before reattaching the screen.

Remember to always refer to the manufacturer’s instructions for specific cleaning recommendations based on the type of outdoor movie screen you have. Following these cleaning techniques will help keep your screen in excellent condition and ensure optimal viewing experiences every time.

cleaning outdoor movie screen

Note: Cleaning techniques may vary depending on the brand and model of your outdoor movie screen. Refer to the manufacturer’s guidelines for the most accurate cleaning instructions.

Step-by-step cleaning process

Properly cleaning your outdoor movie screen is essential for maintaining its quality and ensuring a fantastic movie-watching experience. Follow these step-by-step instructions to give your screen a thorough and effective cleaning:

  1. Begin by removing any loose debris or dirt from the screen using a soft-bristle brush or a gentle stream of water. Be careful not to apply too much pressure, as this can damage the screen material.
  2. Next, prepare a cleaning solution by mixing mild soap or detergent with warm water. Avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners, as they may cause discoloration or damage to the screen.
  3. Dampen a soft cloth or sponge with the cleaning solution and gently wipe the screen in a circular motion, starting from the top and working your way down. Pay close attention to any stubborn stains or areas of dirt buildup.
  4. Rinse the screen thoroughly with clean water to remove any soap residue. Ensure that all cleaning solution is completely washed away, as it can leave streaks or create a sticky surface.
  5. After rinsing, gently pat the screen dry with a clean, lint-free cloth. Avoid rubbing or scrubbing, as this can cause damage. Allow the screen to air dry completely before folding or storing it.

Remember, regular cleaning and maintenance are key to extending the lifespan of your outdoor movie screen and preserving its visual clarity. By following these simple steps, you can keep your screen in top condition and enjoy countless movie nights under the stars.

Drying the screen

Once the outdoor movie screen has been thoroughly cleaned, the next step is to ensure it is properly dried to prevent any potential damage. Moisture can negatively impact the screen’s performance and longevity, so it’s essential to follow the correct drying process. Here are some tips on how to effectively dry your outdoor movie screen:

  1. Gently remove excess water: Carefully remove any excess water from the screen by using a soft, absorbent cloth. Pat the screen lightly, avoiding any harsh rubbing or scrubbing that could cause damage.
  2. Air drying: Find a well-ventilated area where you can hang the outdoor movie screen to air dry. Ensure that the screen is supported evenly to prevent any sagging or stretching. Avoid direct sunlight or excessive heat, as this can damage the screen’s material.
  3. Allow sufficient drying time: Depending on the weather conditions and the screen’s size, it may take several hours or even a full day for the screen to completely dry. Be patient and allow sufficient drying time to ensure all moisture is eliminated.
  4. Inspect for moisture: After the screen has dried, carefully inspect it for any signs of remaining moisture. Lightly touch the surface to ensure it feels dry to the touch. If any moisture is detected, continue the drying process until the screen is completely dry.

Additional Tips:

  • Store the screen in a dry area: Once the screen is fully dried, store it in a dry area to prevent any moisture buildup that could lead to mold or mildew growth.
  • Avoid folding or creasing: When storing the screen, avoid folding or creasing it as this can cause permanent damage. Instead, roll the screen carefully and secure it with straps or ties to maintain its shape.

By following these drying tips, you can ensure that your outdoor movie screen remains in optimal condition for future use. Properly drying the screen after cleaning is a crucial step in maintaining its performance and extending its lifespan.

outdoor movie screen care


Drying Method Pros Cons
Air drying Effective for most outdoor movie screens Takes longer time to dry
Using a fan Quicker drying time May cause uneven drying if not positioned correctly
Blotting with a microfiber cloth Can remove excess moisture effectively Requires careful handling to avoid damage
Using a hairdryer (on cool setting) Rapid drying process May risk heat damage if not used properly

Preventing future dirt and debris buildup

Keeping your outdoor movie screen clean not only enhances the viewing experience but also prolongs its lifespan. By taking preventive measures, you can minimize dirt and debris buildup, making the cleaning process easier and less frequent. Here are some cleaning tips for outdoor movie screen maintenance:

1. Choose the Right Location

When setting up your outdoor movie screen, consider its surroundings. Avoid placing it near trees or shrubs that shed leaves frequently or areas with high foot traffic. By selecting a suitable location, you can reduce the accumulation of dirt and prevent debris from settling on the screen.

2. Regularly Remove Debris

Take the time to inspect your outdoor movie screen regularly and remove any visible debris. Gently brush off leaves, dust, and other particles with a soft brush or cloth. This simple practice can prevent dirt from building up over time.

3. Cover the Screen

Protect your outdoor movie screen from dirt and dust by covering it when not in use. Use a specially designed screen cover or a large, breathable cloth to shield the screen from outdoor elements. This not only helps to minimize dirt buildup but also safeguards the screen from potential damage.

4. Avoid Touching the Screen

Encourage viewers to avoid touching the screen during movie screenings. Fingerprints and smudges can attract dirt and affect the image quality. By reminding everyone to be mindful of keeping their hands off the screen, you can maintain a cleaner surface for a better viewing experience.

5. Regularly Clean Surrounding Areas

Keep the surrounding area of your outdoor movie screen clean to prevent dirt and debris from being blown onto the screen. Regularly sweep or clean the ground, removing any loose dirt or dust that could potentially make its way onto the screen surface.

By following these preventive measures, you can significantly reduce the amount of dirt and debris that accumulates on your outdoor movie screen, making it easier to clean and ensuring a clearer and more vibrant viewing experience for all.

“Keeping your outdoor movie screen clean not only enhances the viewing experience but also prolongs its lifespan.”

Additional maintenance and care tips

Proper maintenance and care are essential for keeping your outdoor movie screen in optimal condition and ensuring a top-notch movie viewing experience. In addition to regular cleaning, here are some best practices for outdoor movie screen care:

1. Protect Your Screen During Storage

When not in use, it’s important to protect your outdoor movie screen from dust, dirt, and other potential damage. Consider storing it in a specially designed carrying case or a clean, dry area to prevent unnecessary wear and tear.

2. Avoid Exposure to Extreme Weather Conditions

While outdoor movie screens are designed to withstand various weather conditions, it’s best to avoid prolonged exposure to extreme temperatures, heavy rain, or strong winds. If possible, set up your screen in a sheltered area or use a protective cover during inclement weather.

3. Check for Tears or Damaged Parts

Regularly inspect your outdoor movie screen for any tears or damaged parts. Even small tears can impact the image quality and overall performance. If you notice any issues, promptly repair or replace the affected areas to prevent further damage.

4. Store and Transport with Care

When storing or transporting your outdoor movie screen, handle it with care to avoid unnecessary strain or accidental damage. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for folding or rolling the screen, and use appropriate padding or cushioning to protect it during transportation.

5. Maintain Proper Tension

Ensure that your outdoor movie screen maintains proper tension during setup. An overly loose or sagging screen can affect the visual quality, while excessive tension can lead to damage. Follow the manufacturer’s guidelines for achieving the optimal tension for your specific screen type.

6. Use Recommended Cleaning Tools and Accessories

When cleaning your outdoor movie screen, use the recommended tools and accessories to avoid scratching or damaging the surface. Microfiber cloths or soft-bristle brushes are commonly recommended for removing dirt and debris without causing harm.

Tip: Avoid using abrasive materials, harsh chemicals, or excessive water when cleaning your outdoor movie screen, as these can cause irreversible damage.

By following these additional maintenance and care tips, you can prolong the lifespan of your outdoor movie screen and ensure many enjoyable movie nights under the stars.

Troubleshooting common issues

Even with proper maintenance and cleaning, outdoor movie screens can sometimes encounter common issues. Here, we’ll address these issues and provide troubleshooting techniques to help you resolve them.

Issue #1: Distorted Image Quality

If you notice a distorted image quality on your outdoor movie screen, the first thing to check is the alignment. Ensure that the screen is properly stretched and positioned. If the image is still distorted, check the input source and cables for any damage. You can also try adjusting the settings on your projector to optimize the image quality.

Issue #2: Screen Tear or Hole

In the unfortunate event of a screen tear or hole, it’s important to address it promptly to prevent further damage. Begin by cleaning the area around the tear or hole using a soft cloth and mild soap solution. Once the area is clean and dry, apply a suitable patch or repair kit specifically designed for outdoor movie screens. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for the best results.

Issue #3: Audio Disturbances

If you’re experiencing audio disturbances while using your outdoor movie screen, check the connections between the projector, speakers, and audio source. Ensure that all cables are securely connected and that the audio source settings are properly adjusted. Additionally, check the location of your speakers to ensure they are positioned correctly for optimal sound projection.

Issue #4: Screen Instability

If your outdoor movie screen is unstable or wobbly, start by examining the frame and support structure. Check for any loose or broken parts and tighten or repair them as necessary. Additionally, consider adjusting the positioning of the screen to ensure stability on uneven surfaces. If needed, utilize additional support mechanisms like sandbags or stakes to secure the screen.

Issue #5: Image Flickering

Image flickering can be a common issue with outdoor movie screens. Before troubleshooting, check the connections between the projector and the power source. Loose or damaged cables can cause flickering. If the connections are secure, adjust the settings on your projector to ensure the brightness and contrast levels are balanced. Additionally, make sure the area surrounding the screen is well lit, as excessive ambient light can interfere with the image quality.

Summary

Troubleshooting common issues with your outdoor movie screen is essential for maintaining its functionality and optimal viewing experience. By following these troubleshooting techniques, you can address issues such as distorted image quality, screen tears or holes, audio disturbances, screen instability, and image flickering. Remember to always refer to the manufacturer’s instructions for specific troubleshooting solutions. With proper troubleshooting and quick action, you can ensure that your outdoor movie screen continues to deliver enjoyable movie nights under the stars.

Professional cleaning services

While cleaning your outdoor movie screen on your own can be a rewarding task, sometimes you may prefer to leave it to the professionals. Hiring a professional cleaning service for your outdoor movie screen can offer several benefits and ensure a thorough and efficient cleaning process.

Professional cleaners have the knowledge and experience to handle various types of outdoor movie screens, from inflatable screens to aluminum frames. They are equipped with specialized cleaning solutions and tools that can effectively remove dirt, stains, and debris without causing any damage to the screen material.

Additionally, professional cleaning services can save you time and effort. Instead of spending hours cleaning the screen yourself, you can simply entrust the task to experts who will efficiently complete the job. This allows you to focus on other important tasks or simply enjoy your outdoor movie experience without any worries about cleaning.

Furthermore, professional cleaners can provide valuable maintenance and care tips for your outdoor movie screen. They can advise you on proper cleaning techniques, the frequency of cleaning, and preventive measures to minimize future dirt and debris buildup. By following their expert advice, you can ensure the longevity and optimal performance of your outdoor movie screen.

“Hiring a professional cleaning service for your outdoor movie screen can offer several benefits and ensure a thorough and efficient cleaning process.”

When selecting a professional cleaning service for your outdoor movie screen, it’s important to choose a reputable and reliable company. Look for testimonials and reviews from previous customers to ensure their quality of service. Additionally, inquire about their experience in handling outdoor movie screens and what cleaning methods and products they use.

Professional Cleaning Services vs DIY

While hiring a professional cleaning service has its advantages, it’s also important to consider the cost implications. Professional cleaning services may come with a fee, and this cost may vary depending on the size of your outdoor movie screen and the complexity of the cleaning required.

If you have the time, resources, and confidence to clean your outdoor movie screen yourself, DIY cleaning can be a viable option. By following the proper cleaning techniques and using appropriate cleaning solutions, you can effectively maintain your outdoor movie screen without incurring additional expenses.

However, if you lack the expertise or simply prefer the convenience of professional assistance, hiring a cleaning service can provide peace of mind and ensure a pristine outdoor movie viewing experience.

Whether you choose to clean your outdoor movie screen yourself or hire a professional cleaning service, regular maintenance and care are crucial. By keeping your screen clean and well-maintained, you can enjoy optimal image quality and extend the lifespan of your outdoor movie screen.

Overall, professional cleaning services offer a convenient and effective solution for those who want expert care for their outdoor movie screens. Consider your needs, budget, and preferences when deciding whether to clean your outdoor movie screen yourself or enlist the help of professionals. Either way, regular cleaning and maintenance will ensure a seamless movie experience under the open sky.

Conclusion

Regular cleaning and maintenance are essential for preserving the quality and longevity of your outdoor movie screen. By following the proper cleaning techniques and taking preventive measures, you can ensure a crisp and clear movie experience every time.

Throughout this article, we have discussed the importance of understanding the materials used in outdoor movie screens and preparing them for cleaning. We have also provided guidance on choosing the right cleaning solutions and techniques for different types of screens.

Remember to always follow a step-by-step cleaning process and effectively dry the screen to prevent any damage. Additionally, implementing preventive measures will help minimize dirt and debris buildup, making future cleaning easier and less frequent.

While maintaining your outdoor movie screen can be a DIY task, professional cleaning services are available for those who prefer expert assistance. Whether you choose to clean it yourself or hire professionals, regular cleaning and maintenance will ensure your outdoor movie screen remains in optimal condition, providing you with enjoyable movie nights under the stars for years to come.

FAQ

Can I wash an outdoor movie screen?

Yes, you can wash an outdoor movie screen. However, it’s essential to follow the proper cleaning techniques to ensure its longevity and quality.

What are the best practices for cleaning an outdoor movie screen?

To clean an outdoor movie screen effectively, you should start by understanding the materials used and their maintenance requirements. Additionally, preparing the screen, choosing the right cleaning solution, and following the step-by-step cleaning process are crucial to achieving the best results. Lastly, drying the screen properly and implementing preventive measures can significantly contribute to its long-term care.

How can I prepare my outdoor movie screen for cleaning?

Before cleaning the outdoor movie screen, it’s important to remove any debris or dirt. This can be done by gently brushing off loose particles or using a soft cloth to wipe away surface dirt.

What cleaning solution should I use for my outdoor movie screen?

The most suitable cleaning solution for your outdoor movie screen can vary depending on the material it is made of. It’s best to use a mild detergent mixed with water for screens made of PVC or fabric. For screens with aluminum frames, a mixture of dish soap and water will suffice. Always avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners that can damage the screen.

How should I clean different types of outdoor movie screens?

The cleaning technique varies depending on the type of outdoor movie screen. For inflatable screens, gently wiping them with a soft cloth or sponge soaked in the appropriate cleaning solution is recommended. Aluminum frame screens can be cleaned similarly, but it’s essential to focus on the frame as well. Be sure to check the manufacturer’s instructions for any specific recommendations.

What is the step-by-step cleaning process for an outdoor movie screen?

The step-by-step cleaning process for an outdoor movie screen includes:1. Prepare the screen by removing dirt and debris.2. Mix a mild detergent with water or create a soapy solution.3. Dip a soft cloth or sponge into the cleaning solution and gently wipe the screen, focusing on any stained or soiled areas.4. Rinse the screen thoroughly with clean water to remove any soap residue.5. Allow the screen to air dry completely before storing or using it again.

How can I ensure the screen is properly dried after cleaning?

To ensure proper drying of the outdoor movie screen, gently pat it with a dry, absorbent cloth or towel. Avoid using excessive force or rubbing, as this can damage the screen. Additionally, ensure that the screen is placed in a well-ventilated area to allow for adequate airflow and drying time.

What can I do to prevent future dirt and debris buildup on my outdoor movie screen?

To prevent future dirt and debris buildup on your outdoor movie screen, consider taking the following preventive measures:1. Regularly clean the screen according to the recommended cleaning process to remove any dirt or residue.2. Keep the surrounding area clean and free from debris, such as leaves or branches.3. Store the screen properly when not in use, protecting it from the elements.4. Consider installing a protective cover for the screen to shield it from dust and other particles.

Are there any additional maintenance and care tips for an outdoor movie screen?

Yes, here are some additional maintenance and care tips for your outdoor movie screen:1. Avoid placing the screen in direct sunlight for extended periods to prevent fading or discoloration.2. Regularly inspect the screen for any signs of damage, such as tears or loose seams, and repair them promptly.3. When not in use, store the screen in a clean and dry place to avoid damage from moisture or extreme temperatures.4. Follow the manufacturer’s guidelines and recommendations for cleaning, maintenance, and storage to optimize the screen’s lifespan.

What should I do if I encounter common issues with my outdoor movie screen?

If you encounter common issues with your outdoor movie screen, such as wrinkling, mildew, or water damage, try troubleshooting the problem by following these steps:1. Gently stretch out any wrinkles or creases in the screen by pulling it taut.2. Address mildew issues by using a mixture of water and vinegar to spot clean affected areas. Rinse thoroughly afterward.3. If the screen has suffered water damage, thoroughly dry it and inspect for any lasting effects. Consider contacting the manufacturer for further assistance if necessary.

Can I hire a professional cleaning service for my outdoor movie screen?

Yes, hiring a professional cleaning service for your outdoor movie screen is an option. Professional cleaners have the expertise and specialized equipment to ensure a thorough and safe cleaning process. Consider reaching out to reputable cleaning companies that offer services specifically for outdoor screens.

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *